Different Characters In The Diamond Necklace, By Guy De...

‘the world is not fair, and often fools, cowards, liars and the selfish hide in high places.’ Many story characters are flawed, and the most interesting and sometimes brainless ones are the characters who have big egos, and blame their faults on others to prevent their pride from being bruised. The author of ‘The Diamond Necklace’ , Guy De Maupassant, develops the character Mathilde Loisel through different actions, speech and personality. Firstly, Guy De Maupassant develops the character through her personality. As far as the beginning goes, Mathilde is a selfish swine who is envious of the aristocratic woman of Paris, France. Mathilde has many clear attributes and through her personality you can identify them and then form her†¦show more content†¦Havent you any more? is one of her more material possessions focused quote. During this point of the story, page three, Mathilde had visited her high classed wealthy friend Madame Forestier. Here she asks of ornaments to adorn herself so Mathilde seemed wealthy, and of high class. During the third page when Mathilde was going through Forestier’s jewelry box, â€Å"Suddenly she discovered, in a black satan box, a superb diamond necklace, and her heart throbbed with an immoderate desire.† This feeling is more felt during intense love for someone, but here we see her material possession more. She is thinking of the ‘diamond’ necklace as the most beautiful thing, more beautiful and worth more than actual people. Madame Loisel has even gone as far as to sit, and wait, while her husband was out of foot searching for the necklace that she had lost. On page five, her exact actions were â€Å"She sat waiting on a chair in her ball dress, without strength to go to bed, overwhelmed, without any fire, without a thought.† Mathilde didn’t even attempted to search for the necklace. As soon as Monsieur Loisel had claimed the necklace was gone, they were expected to pay it off. As it says, Mathilde hadn’t had a job nor worked as a normal house-wife due t o their one lowly servant in which did their housework. In addition to their new, working, lives Mathilde had so much pride she was willing to disappear from society to save herself from telling her friend that she hadShow MoreRelatedGuy De Maupassant s Life1179 Words   |  5 PagesGuy De Maupassant was born August 5, 1850, in Chà ¢teau de Miromesnil, France (The Famous People, Guy de Maupassant), when he was young his parents got divorced and after that, his father left, denying him a chance to develop a relationship with his son. He started school with a religious education but, after getting expelled on purpose he pursued a bachelor s degree at Lycà ©e at Le Havre (World History: The Modern Era, Guy de Maupassant). One of his most well known stories is The Necklace. In thisRead MoreLiteray Analysis of The Necklace1155 Words   |  5 Pageshumans nature of greed. Guy De Maupassant, the author of The Necklace, perfectly shows how greed can lead to bad outcomes in the short story. Guy De Maupassant, one of the fathers of the short story, was born on August 5th 1850. A quote representing the legacy of Maupassant French writer of short stories an novels of the naturalists school who is by general agreement the greatest french short story writers(Bennet). In his short story, The Necklace, Maupassant focuses mostly on greed.Read More Guy De Maupassants Works2329 Words   |  10 Pagesexamining the influence of Guy de Maupassant’s â€Å"The Necklace† and â€Å"Piece of String†, a similar form of figurative language is found. Situational irony, where an outcome is different from what was expected, is found in Maupassant’s short stories’ surprising and cruel endings. In â€Å"The Necklace† the protagonist, lost a diamond necklace, and ten years after struggling to pay off the replacement, she found the original was a fake. In Maupassant’s â€Å"Piece of String† the main character picked up a piece of stringRead MoreLiterary Essay Of The Necklace By Guy De Maupassant829 Words   |  4 Pages Literary Analysis Essay of ‘The Necklace’ by Guy de Maupassant ‘The Necklace’ is a morality tale written by Guy de Maupassant where he portrays the life of a beautiful but dissatisfied girl named Mathilde who desires to live a luxurious life despite being born into a clerk’s family and marrying a clerk too. Mathilde’s discontentment in life instigates her to pretend someone rich that she is not. Moreover, it leads her to severe trouble that caused ten years of hardshipRead MoreShort Stories Of The Nineteenth Century1266 Words   |  6 Pageswith Guy de Maupassant who is a master of irony, plot twists and satire. He is still considered to be one of the greatest short-story writers of all time and a champion of the realist approach to writing. Maupassant was born in Normandy, near Dieppe, on 5th August, 1850, to well-off parents who, however, didn’t get along well and eventually separated in 1863. The separation of his parents caused Maupassant to receive two very different kinds of upbringings. His debauched father, Gustave de MaupassantRead MoreSummary Of The Necklace By Guy De Maupassant1184 Words   |  5 Pages Arminder Sehmbi Ms. Lee ENG-4UO July 9, 2016 The Greed shown in â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant A famous person that goes by the name of Erich Fromm once said that greed is a â€Å"bottomless pit which exhausts the person in an endless effort to satisfy the need without ever reaching satisfaction.† (www.brainyquote.com). But then again what actually is â€Å"greed†? Well according to Oxfords Dictionary â€Å"greed† is an Intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth, power, or food: (Oxford)Read MoreEssay on The Necklace1342 Words   |  6 Pagesbyword applies to Guy de Maupassants short story The Necklace. Its protagonist, Mathilde Loisel, longing for a lavish lifestyle rather than her middle class way of life, falls under the spell of an priceless diamond. Dealing with her fate, some of Mathildes strong character traits soon become apparent. Examining these attributes, we discover that Mathilde Loisel definitely has a negative personality. The first of many character traits of Mathilde Loisel that Maupassant makes evidentRead MoreViews of Women in The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant AP by John Updike848 Words   |  4 PagesViews of Women in The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant AP by John Updike The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant, and AP by John Updike were written in two different centuries by two authors of very different backgrounds. However, each story expresses very similar views about women. The women in these stories are self-centered creatures who control men with their sexuality, and end up damaging the mens life. The main character in The Necklace is a lady named Mathilde who is extremely prettyRead MoreThe Diamond Necklace, By Guy De Maupassant944 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Necklace†, by Guy de Maupassant, is about a middle-class woman who is ambitious but greedy and has a desire to get into the upper-class society through her husband who works as a government clerk and her friend but ends up horribly when she puts her life in vain. Throughout the story, the diamond necklace, the centerpiece of the story, is shown by the author to represent many themes. Maupassant focuses on the false impression on exterior look in â€Å"The Necklace†, along with the idea being tooRead More The Life of Guy de Maupassant Exposed in The Necklace Essay2396 Words   |  10 PagesThis is the case in the short story, The Necklace, written by Guy de Maupassant. An ironic and a self-explanatory tale, The Necklace is written filled with twists that might just make you doubt your stand in life. Cha racters which anyone might not think much about, symbols that many seem to miss, and principles that few seem to understand, The Necklace might just be short but with it, you can clearly see the life and ways of a person like Guy de Maupassant. Every word might just seem ordinary, but

A CASE COMMENT ON The Commissioner of Income, Mumbai v Manjula J. Shah - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1420 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? The Commissioner of Income, Mumbai V/s. Manjula J. Shah BRIEF SUMMARY OF FACTS: In the assessment year 2004-2005, the assessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ total income was Rs.20, 92,400/-. A return of income was filed which included long term capitall gains which inturn arose from the sale of a flat bearing No.1202-A at Chaitanya Towers, Prabhadevi, Mumbai. The flat in question was initially purchased by the daughter of the assesse on 29/1/1993 at a cost of Rs.50, 48,350/-. The assesse dated 1/2/2003 then acquired ownership of the flat by way of gift deed and thus paid no amount towards the transfer of the flat to the daughter. On 30/6/2003, the assesse sold the said capital asset for a total consideration of Rs.1,10,00,000/- and offered the long term capital gains to tax. The assesse argued that the asset which was acquired by her, and subsequently sold by her in the same year, the gains arising from it should be taken as long term instead of short term gain, as argued by the Revenue. The gain should be adjudged on the basis of indexed cost of acquisition minus t he consideration received by her. The A.O. argued under Explanation (iii) to Section 48 of the Act, the indexed cost of acquisition has to be determined with reference to the cost inflation index for the first year in which the asset was first held by the assesse. The A.O. stated that the asset was first held by the assesse for the first time in 2003 and not in 1993. The decision was appealed by the assesse, CIT(A) allowed the claim of the appellant, that decision was further appealed by Revenue, but the ITAT agreed with the decision of the CIT(A). Revenue has challenged the decision of the ITAT. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A CASE COMMENT ON The Commissioner of Income, Mumbai v Manjula J. Shah" essay for you Create order CONTENTIONS BY THE ASSESSE REVENUE: Revenue argued that under explanation (iii) to Section 48 the indexed cost of acquisition has to be determined with reference to the first year in which the capital asset was held by the assesse. In the instant case, the capital asset was first held by the assesse on 1/2/2003. Therefore, the ICoA (Indexed Cost of Acquisition) must be calculated on the basis of 2002-03. It was argued by the Revenue there is deeming fiction contained in Explanation 1(i)(b) to Section 2(42A) of the Act and therefore we cannot apply that language in contrast to the specific language of clause (iii) of the Explanation to Section 48 of the Act. The object of the provision, i.e. Explanation 1(i) (b) to Section 2(42A) is for determine whether a particular asset is long-term or short-term, it is not there to be applied in determine the ICoA. Revenue argued that the provision to determine ICoA is explanation (iii) to Section 48. In the case of DCIT V/s. Kishore Kanungo[1], decided at Mumbai Bench of the ITAT wherein it has been held that under Explanation (iii) to Section 48, the ICoA has to be calculated with reference to the CII (cost inflation index) for the first year in which the asset was held by the assesse and not with reference to the CII (cost inflation index) for the first year in which the asset was held by the previous owner. In an SC Case of CIT V/s. Anjum M.H. Ghaswala Ors[2], the court held where the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, one has to apply the literal interpretation and not the purposive interpretation. The Assesse argued that for the calculation of ICoA, the date of first holding of asset be taken as 29/1/1993 and not 1/2/2003, as she has received the property through gift and a bare reading of section 49 makes clear that for the purpose of calculating ICoA, the time period of holding will include the time period for which the previous owner of the property held the assets in question. JUDGEMENT BY THE COURT ITà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S ANALYSIS: The only question before the court was that when one computes capital gains that arise on the transfer of capital assets acquired under a gift, whether the assesse will be evaluated on the indexed cost for acquisition which was for the previous owner when he first held the assets or when the assesse became the owner of the assets, in the case the assets is acquired by the assesse as a gift from the previous owner. Under Section 45 of the Act, the gain that arise from any transaction of transfer of capital asset can be classified into either long-term or short term capital gain. Short term capital asset is defined under Section 2(42A) and long term capital asset, as defined under Section 2(29A) of the Act. Under Section 47(iii) of the Act states that when a capital assets is given by gift or will, it will not be regarded as transfer and therefore no short-term or long-term gain would have said to be arisen form the said transaction. In the present case, the flat was first a cquired by the daughter of the assesse on 29/1/1993, the same flat was given by the daughter to the mother by gift on 2/1/2003 without consideration. The assesse sold the flat within 36 months, and under normal course she would have been liable to pay short term capital gain, but explanation 1(i)(b) to Section 2(42A) of the Act saves her, and classifies her asset as long term capital asset. Revenueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main contention was that when the ICoA is calculated as per explanation (iii) to Section 48 of the Act, the first year of holding should be FY 2002-03 and in view of the first year of holding the CII should be taken of the year FY 2002-03. The court found no merit in the above argument and stated that it is undisputed that the ICoA has to be determined on the basis of first year in which the asset was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“held by the assesseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"held by the assesseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has not been defined under Section 48. So we ref er to the definition clause of the IT Act, i.e. under explanation 1(i) (b) to Section 2(42A) states that the period for which an asset is held by an assesse under a gift, the term of the previous owner holding shall also be included. So, by applying the provision of under explanation 1(i) (b) to Section 2(42A), the asset is deemed to be held from 29/1/1993 Revue argued that the deeming provision must not be considered for calculating ICoA, as it is intended to differentia only between long-term and short-term capital gain. The court held that when the law-makers have made the deeming provision to tax the gains arising on transfer of a capital asset acquired under a gift or will and the capital gains under Section 48 of the Act has to be computed by applying the deemed fiction. The Court held that when explanation 1(i)(b) to Section 2(42A) , Section 48 and Section 49 of the Act, are read together and not in isolation with each other, it becomes clear that the object of the statue is not only to tax capital gain from transfer of capital assets but also to tax the transfer of capital assets acquired under gift or will. The court held that it cannot ignore the provisions of Section 2 and apply the provisos of Section 48, doing that would defeat the entire purpose of the act. Section 2 of the act states that unless the context otherwise requires, the provisions of the Act have to be construed as provided under Section 2 of the Act. If the court ignores the meaning under section 2 and doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t take its support in constructing the meaning of Section 48 then gains that arise from gift or will cannot be taxed as capital gain in any case, and that will be contrary to what the legislature has intended. So the court was of the view that the arguments by the revenue are in contravention to the legislative intent and this cannot be accepted under any circumstances. The said circular states that if indexation is linked to the holdin g of the asset and if Section 49(1) applied then, period of holding has to take into account the period of holding of the previous owner, and then only the object of indexation will be achieved. The court held that ITAT was correct in holding the period of holding to include the period in which previous owner first held the asset and not the year in which the assesse became the owner of the asset. cASE COMMENT ON The Commissioner of Income, Mumbai V/s Manjula J. Shah [1] (2006) 102 ITD 437 (Mum), [2] 252 ITR 1 (S.C.),

Middle Ages Of Egypt And Its Effect On Education - 2240 Words

Education began around 3000 to 500 B.C.E. in the early ages of Egypt and has been advancing and changing ever since. Technology has played a huge role in the progression of where education stands today but education has also seen a tough set back in critical aspects of serving its purpose of providing children with a proper education s that they are prepared and can succeed. Although some may find that the current education system in America, even in the depressed urban school settings, are functioning just fine, many people will advocate that drastic changes need to be done to fix the problems. Tenure does not pose any harm toward the education system; it gives teachers a stable environment to work in so that they are able to teach†¦show more content†¦David McGrath, a teacher at Edison State College says, â€Å"Tenure ensures academic freedom to teach important concepts such as evolution and classic texts† (Teacher Tenure). A school most likely will not be willin g put in thousands of dollars and spend months exhausting court dates and other meetings because a teacher had taught a controversial book. The teacher would most likely be given smack on the back of the hand and it will be over with. When charter schools are implemented in urban school settings it draws money away from the other public schools in the same district. Superintendent Hank Allen argues that putting up new charter school next to a hurting public school is only avoiding the problems next door; â€Å"it’s sort of like having a road or highway that you can’t take care of then adding a new highway that you’re going to have to take care of. That’s the analogy [he] would use, because [he believes] we should first take care of what we have, before talking about adding charter schools,† (Moore 2). This supports the view that a focused attention on the shiny new charter schools results in a lack of dedication to the children who are left behind at the public school. Former representative James C. Fields of Alabama opposes the idea of charter schools seeing that â€Å"public funding is already based on their

Fast Pc Routers Essay Example For Students

Fast Pc Routers Essay Fast PC RoutersWhats this all about?Were building IP routers out of PCs as tools for research and experimental network development. The goal of this work is to come up with an IP router platform which is completely open to bending, twisting, reprogramming, and the like, and yet has sufficient performance to be useful for experiments in the 1990s. Open routing platforms are an important tool for researchers developing new protocols and architectures. The DARTnet testbed, a precursor of this work, used routers built from Sun Sparcstations to catalyze the development of IP Multicast, RSVP, and the MBONE conferencing tools. We hope our project will help do the same for Mobile IP, Scalable Reliable Multicast, and the as yet unknown technologies of tomorrows Internet. Were using these routers to support our own work on IP Integrated Services QoS management, new security models, and Internet service discrimination and pricing. We also expect this or a derivative design to become the base IP router for the nationwide CAIRN testbed, currently being deployed. HardwarePlatformsIf you want decent performance from a PC router, you must plan to use current high-end hardware. After years of stagnation, the demands of multimedia and high-speed peripheral devices are finally driving PC overall performance up, in contrast with the marketing hype which previously put ever-faster processors on the same old memory and I/O subsystems. Even better, the performance emphasis is moving away from large-block (disk) I/O and towards short-transaction (graphics, networks, audio and video) I/O. The downside is that this development is happening today, and yesterdays (almost literally!) machines are noticably off the pace. Our blurb on PC Hardware for Network Researchers will give you some information about the equipment were using at MIT. DesignHeres the basic PC design with a processor, memory, and, in this case, two PCI I/O buses. A router constructed from this hardware exhibits several properties. First, the processor must control all aspects of the routers operation, both executing the forwarding loop and performing overhead functions such as routing and management protocols. This introduces two performance slow-downs. Not only must the CPU break away from the forwarding loop to execute overhead code, but executing that code will almost certainly remove the loop instructions and routing table from the CPUs cache. On a typical PC this is a crucial problem, because the main memory subsystem is not terribly fast. Another point of interest is that with todays PC designs there is adequate main memory bandwidth to operate two PCI buses and a processor at full rate simultaneously. This is encouraging. The reason for this is that it appears the primary limit to PC router performance is not CPU function or I/O bandwidth, but PCI bus arbitration time. Having two buses available reduces this arbitration bottleneck by a factor of two. The use of two buses does introduce one drawback. Since PCI is a multiple-master bus, it is possible for appropriately designed interface cards and router software to DMA packet data directly from one interface to another on the same bus, without ever touching system memory, reducing the data transfer cost by a factor of two. This technique is of course impossible between two different PCI buses, but the router can still use it between interfaces on the same bus. We use this configuration, with one or two PCI buses, for code development and where variable performance is acceptableMany performance limitations of the basic design can be avoided by adding another processor. With the advent of Intels Multiprocessor PC specification, two-processor machines are becoming common. Originally designed for symmetric multiprocessing, these machines are easily subverted to our needs. Importance Of Friendship EssayKTG kernel traffic generatorWeve implemented a simple in-kernel traffic generator which can source and sink small packets at hardware line rates with accurate timing. ATM (Raw, AAL5, Classical IP over ATM)Support for ATM data processing and signalling functions is being developed jointly with our colleagues at BBN and ISI-EAST. PerformanceSometime soon well have links to performance measurement graphs here. In the meantime, here are some early findings. See limitations for a discussion of why these routers sometimes dont work well at all. The basic IP forwarding loop, including buffer management but no interface overhead, currently runs at a few hundred thousand packets per second on a 150 MHz pentium pro. There is still some room for improvement; on a 200MHZ processor a basic rate above 500,000 pkts/second appears to be achievable. This number will be somewhat lower for traffic loads with a high percentage of multicast packets. In practice, again with the 150 MHz PPro, weve measured forwarding rates of approximately 80,000 packets per second between 100B-TX Fast Ethernet segments. The limiting factor in this experiment was the input interfaces ability to receive packets at a faster rate once a packet made it through the input interface to the router, it was forwarded successfully virtually 100% of the time. At present, we dont know whether this limit is a fundamental restriction of the interface chip or is being caused by PCI bus arbitration overhead. LimitationsThere are two significant limitations on the applicabi lity of these routers. They are less of a problem in our laboratory and testbed environments than they might be in other situations. The first limitation is that PC routers are inherently low-fanout devices. Inexpensive desktop PC motherboards have at most four PCI slots, which means a limit of four high-speed interfaces. More expensive server motherboards can be obtained with two PCI controllers offering six or eight PCI slots, at which point main memory bandwidth becomes a significant concern. Realistically, six high-speed interfaces may be the workable maximum. The second limitation is that these are route-caching routers, and when performance is an issue the size of the route table cache is effectively bounded by the size of the L2 hardware cache. This is not a problem in a testbed environment, where routes to at most a few thousand destinations might be expected. In circumstances where the count of active destinations exceeds this range, our current code will experience a sharp performance drop. Site ManagementWeve done a (very) little bit of thinking about how to support the use of our routers at sites that dont care to get involved in the grunge of building and installing PC sofware, and about how to support the use of these routers locked away in closets. Here are some talking points:Remote InstallationWere using a modified version of the standard FreeBSD network install program. This allows you to boot a machine connected to the network from a 3.5 floppy disk. The sofware will then download, install, and partially configure the OS and user programs from net. The install program offers a choice of several user-level code collections to tailor machines to specific requirements. Currently we offer only two, router and developer. Unattended OperationSometimes it will be necessary for a CAIRN infrastructure router to operate on an unattended basis. Weve identified several little things which can help. Our routers can be remotely powercycled and rebooted using a separate box which is controlled either over the internet (with password-protected telnet) or via a dialup phone line. A running machine can use a remote serial console, rather than the standard PC VGA adapter. A serial line can be used for remote source-level kernel debugging, if desired.

Consumer Interest in Space Tourism

Introduction and Background Tourism is a very rewarding economic activity in the present world, as it is among the largest income generators in many states and countries. For many years, countries have underscored the importance of tourism and its contribution to their economies. However, the act of underscoring the importance of tourism has gradually changed for a number of states have seen the benefits that accrue from organized management of tourism.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Interest in Space Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unfortunately, several countries focus on common and traditional forms of tourism, such as beach tourism and expeditions to national parks and reserves. Stakeholders in the field of tourism, including the host government, communities, private investors, and the tourists accord little attention to alternative forms of tourism. Alternative forms of tourism include le isure, sport, adventure, ecotourism, and space tourism. Therefore, it is against this background that the research assesses the viability of space tourism as proposed by Sir Richard Branson in terms of market size, number of potential consumers, their perceptions, willingness, and expectations regarding the space tourism. Marketing Research Problem Tourism stakeholders like the government, private investors, service providers, non-governmental organizations, tourists, and the host communities have overlooked the benefits of diversifying tourism for a long time. Instead, these stakeholders emphasize on the development and consumption of common and prominent tourism products such as the expedition to national parks and reserves, as well as beach tourism, which incorporates sightseeing of elements like sand, sun, nature, and sea. The development and extensive marketing of these common forms of tourism has resulted in the degradation of these destinations. The degradation of these desti nations is due to the large number of tourists visiting the attractions. These tourists usually exceed the carrying capacity that the subject tourist destination can comfortably support. Additionally, the large numbers of tourists increase the susceptibility of the destination to degradation owing to the trampling of vegetation, fire outbreaks, pollution, and other negative effects associated with tourism. Extensive marketing of tourism attractions such as national parks, lakes, oceans, and seas, has led to pronounced degradation in the destination. Many tourists throng the tourist sites in these regions and in turn initiate several negative effects that only serve to degrade the destination and reduce the overall worth and value of the subject attraction.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, it has led to increased negative effects like pollution, which comprise s environmental, soil, water, and air pollution. Environmental pollution occurs when tourists in a given destination dump solid wastes in the attraction site, especially outside designated waste bins. Soil pollution takes place when waste from service providers like hotels and travel agencies seep into the ground. On the other hand, when tourism establishments release their wastes into water bodies like rivers and seas, it causes water pollution. Smoke from vehicles and emissions from tourist establishments leads to air pollution. Fire outbreaks, trampling, and destruction of vegetation are other negative effects, which transpire because of too much emphasis on common tourism attractions. Due to marketing and promotions on the common attractions, many tourists travel to these destinations and initiate negative impacts, which lead to depreciation of attractions. Mass tourists break vegetation, trample on grass and other small vegetations, and hence, destroy the vegetation found in su bject attraction. Furthermore, the large number of tourists increases the chances of carelessness that can sometimes result in dire consequences like fires in the tourist destination. The host community suffers from the effects initiated by the absence of alternative forms of tourism such as space tourism. The effects that the host community experience include child labor, increased cost of living, scarcity of resources due to high demand, and diversion of infrastructure to tourism facilities. Due to the absence of alternative forms of tourism, the pressure exerted on traditional tourism destinations led to short life cycles of the tourism products. Many of the destinations degrade and depreciate quickly and end up as desolate and derelict regions. The desolate nature of the destinations owed their states to the strain exerted on them by the tourists and tourism establishments. In addition, many tourism stakeholders fail to enjoy the revenues accruing from tourism due unsustainable use of tourism products and resources. Due to the absence of alternative forms of tourism levels in these areas declined since many tourists have already consumed tourism products from these destinations. Consequently, the absence of alternative forms of tourism limited the products of tourism only to those tourists who consume traditional and common tourism products leaving out potential tourists attracted to alternative and unique tourism products. The Research Aims and Objectives Examine the existence of potential tourists who can consume unique products of space tourism. Determine the market size of space tourism because it is a new product in the tourism market. Establish demographic characteristics of potential space tourists. Assess the expectations and interests of potential space tourists. Find out the perceptions and attitudes of individuals concerning space tourism. The Research Questions Do potential tourists of space tourism exist? What is the market size of space to urism as an alternative form of tourism? What are the demographic characteristics of potential space tourists? What are the expectations of potential space tourists? What are the perceptions and attitudes of individuals concerning space tourism? Discussion Alternative Forms of Tourism and Space Tourism Popular and common tourist destinations experience challenges such as degradation, pollution, fire outbreaks, trampling of vegetation, pressure on social resources, and short life cycles of destinations due to increased tours. The presence of these challenges necessitates the need to diversify tourism and introduce alternative forms of tourism (Casino Hanna 2000).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Interest in Space Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The challenges also compel stakeholders in the field of tourism to think of diverse forms of tourism so that they would not only cater for the needs of tourists attracted to alternative forms, but also reduce the strain exerted on traditional tourism destinations. In addition, diversification of tourism would help distribute demand and increase the spectrum of available tourism products. Leisure tourism, sport tourism, and space tourism were among the forms of alternative tourism, which private and public stakeholders have introduced in the field of tourism. Space tourism is the latest form of alternative tourism that involves travel to the space. It is a unique form of tourism since it goes beyond the odds of common tourism products usually consumed on earth. Russian Space Agency dominated space transport for a number of years, but other companies such as Virgin Galactic, owned by Sir Richard Branson are gradually entering the world of space tourism. According to Crouch (2001), space tourism is a form of tourism that comprises of tours to the space for a period that exceeds a day and does extend beyond one year. Furthermore, spac e tourism does not only increase the amount of tourism products available for potential tourists, but it also introduces a completely new chapter in the field of tourism. Market Size for Space Tourism Space tourism serves to cater for the needs of space tourists who are usually explorers, adventurers, drifters, business people, and leisure tourists. Products offered by space tourism are unique as they include sightseeing of features in the sky from a close range. In addition, space tourists get the rare opportunity of looking at the earth from the space and travelling around it. Other products that space tourism offers include sightseeing of features such as millions of galaxies, stars, the earth, and the solar system. According to (Brown 2004), astronomical observation and space walk also comprise other products offered by space tourism. Sightseeing, space walk, astronomical observation, and a journey to the moon are some of the products that best meet the requirements of space tou rists. Many elderly individuals and young explorers are some of the potential consumers of products offered by space tourism. The main factors that determine the willingness and ability to consume products offered by space tourism include the purchasing power, buying behaviour, price of products, and perceptions of product quality.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Collins et al. (1994), it is essential to understand that for tourism to progress, public and private stakeholders need to price tourism products within the purchasing power of potential consumers. Since consumer perceived product quality determines the willingness of consumers to use the products, it is important that service providers in space tourism design their facilities in a way that appeals to the potential tourists and increases their willingness to travel. Space tourism is a new form of tourism, and therefore, extensive marketing is required for increased awareness of space tourism products to potential consumers. Characteristics of Potential Space Tourists Space tourists are individuals who like exploration, adventure, leisure, and drifting. Therefore, the main set of consumers that space tourism marketers need to target include young individuals, wealthy businesspeople, and the elderly people who are adventurous. Many space tourists are individuals who like thrilling activities, as they like unconventional products of tourism because they are unique and exciting. Market segmentation is essential so that public and private facilities offering space products reach out to the right set of consumers. Hall (2013) states that the understanding of the type and characteristics of space consumers helps the service providers to understand the correct market segment, buying behaviours, purchasing power and patterns, as well as demographic attributes of potential tourists. With good understanding of space tourism, service providers will be in a better position to provide the best products to their potential consumers. Explorers, drifters, and adventurous tourists are usually the primary consumers of tourism products, they form the first set of consumers that visit an attraction, and they sometimes take part in the initial activities of destination development. Therefore, since space tourism is a new and unique form of tourism with a number of thri lling and exciting experiences, explorers, drifters, and adventurous tourists will form the first category of tourists to enjoy its products. It is fundamental for private and public stakeholders in the field of tourism to understand the spending habits of explorers and adventurous tourists so that they can price their products within the purchasing power of potential consumers (Crouch 2001). Since many activities involved in the design and production of space tours are relatively high, service providers offering space tourism products need to be cautious when pricing so that they meet their expected targets, and at the same time achieve consumer satisfaction. Expectations of Potential Space Tourists Consumers expect product quality to reflect the product price and value utility for their money. Similarly, space tourists expect the products that service providers deliver to posses the same qualities. Space tourists value their money, and thus, they compare the product quality with t he price. Casino and Hanna (2000) highlights that the presence of alternative forms of tourism such as sport and marine tourism makes consumers very selective and keen on aspects that concern product quality and delivery systems. Since alternative forms of tourism offer services, which can serve the needs of potential space tourists, they can easily persuade consumers of space products, and lure them into their facilities. Therefore, space firms need to be keen on the quality and price of their services as well as that of their competitors. Product quality should match the expectations of consumers so that service providers achieve the much needed consumer satisfaction. For successful space tourism, service providers in this field need to provide accurate and correct information to their target customers. Collins et al. (1994) argue that giving false information leads to distrust and lack of confidence among the customers. Thus, it is paramount that firms executing space tourism con vey information using facts and tangible evidence on the nature of the tour and the quality of their services. The information is essential to increase the level of awareness among the potential consumers, and furthermore, help in balancing pre-consumption, consumption, and post-consumption customer experiences. Notably, space tourists like other tourists perceive the quality of the products and services based on the information offered by service providers. Therefore, to match perceived product quality and gain consumer trust and loyalty, it is important to provide information that is factual in all aspects. Perceptions and Attitudes of Individuals Concerning Space Tourism Many individuals believe that space tourism belongs to the rich and wealthy members of the society, and thus they think that space tourism caters for the needs of the few individuals who have money. Some individuals think that space tourism is not safe, and therefore, they are unwilling to purchase products linke d to space tourism. The perceptions owe their presence to the expensive nature of tours and services associated with space tourism. Consequently, the perceptions that potential consumers hold have great effect on viability of space tourism, and hence, determine their interests and willingness to consume the products that space tourism offers. Attitudes and perceptions that consumers hold are important as they determine the need and nature of marketing and promoting strategies necessary to influence potential customers to buy products and services of space tourism (Troung Hall 2013). Furthermore, service providers of the space tourism need to tailor their products in a way that match purchasing power of potential customers. Conclusion Space tourism is a very productive form of tourism that helps in diversification tourism to meet increased demand and reduce the strain on common and traditional tourism destinations. Since space tourism is a new form of tourism, many consumers are rel uctant to purchase its products. Many potential clients think that space tourism is for the rich and associate it with insecurity. Some of the requirements that investors in the field of tourism can adopt to enhance viability of space tourism include identifying the existence of tourists, target large market, customize products, and provide unique products. Additionally, service providers in the field of space tourism need to understand the characteristics, expectations, and perceptions of potential space tourists. Assessment of these requirements is effective in determining the viability of space tourism. References Brown, F 2004, ‘The Final Frontier Tourism in Space’, Tourism Recreation Research, vol. 29 no. 1, pp. 37-43. Casino, V, Hanna, S 2000, ‘Representations and Identities in Tourism Map Space’, Progress in Human Geography, vol. 24 no. 1, pp. 23-46. Collins, P, Kanayama, H, Iwasaki, Y, Ohnuk, M, Hanayama, H 1994, ‘Commercial Implications of Market Research on Space Tourism’, Journal of Space Technology and Science: Special Issue on Space Tourism, vol. 10 no. 2, pp 3-11. Crouch, G 2001, ‘The Market for Space Tourism: Early Indications’, Journal of Travel Research, vol. 40 no. 2, pp. 213-219. Hall, M 2013, ‘Framing Behavioural approaches to Understanding and Governing Sustainable Tourism Consumption: Beyond Neoliberalism, Nudging and Green Growth’, Journal of sustainable Tourism, vol. 21 no. 7, pp. 1091-1109. Troung, D Hall, M 2013, ‘Social Marketing and Tourism: What is the Evidence?’, Social Marketing Quarterly, vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 110-135. This report on Consumer Interest in Space Tourism was written and submitted by user Kallie Riggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE

Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE Introduction Exporting is a market entry strategy in which a company sells its products to the target country after manufacturing them in another location. SMEs and MNEs must weigh the advantages and disadvantage of this strategy prior to adopting it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis Small and medium enterprises can enjoy a number of advantages if they choose exporting as an entry mode. First, the strategy has minimal risk; most SMEs do not have the luxury of taking a lot of risk because they will feel the effect of market shocks almost immediately. Furthermore, the strategy does not require a lot of resource input. This is highly favourable to SMEs because many of them have limited capital to begin with. Therefore, they can only invest in strategies that do not require too much financial commitment. Exporting also minimises the distribution chain within a certain organisation and thus increases the amount of returns gained by the SME. If such companies select market strategies that involve collaboration with various parties, then they may have to share profits with many players, yet amounts may not even be high. Since small businesses are good at giving personal services, the exporting strategy would be ideal for such organisations because it will provide the SME with direct market contact. Companies can get to know their clientele and give them support wherever they are. Additionally, since small and medium enterprises are still at the initial stages of growth, it makes sense to pursue a low commitment entry mode. The firm can gradually increase its commitment to the chosen market after it becomes larger (Lis et. al. 2012). On the flipside, SMEs must contend with the loss of control over marketing mix elements such as price since tariffs may come in the way. Additionally, the strategy will still require investment in sales. Cultural differences between the exporter and the target market could minimise the SMEs chances of success. It is also possible to find trade restrictions in the target country. Small businesses may have difficulties in accessing information about the trade regulations or financing opportunities available in that country. Even finding potential customers may be difficult for SMEs who have little experience in the field.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Exporting for SMEs Advantages Disadvantages minimal risk loss of control over marketing mix negligible resource input investment in sales minimises the distribution chain cultural differences direct market contact accessing information low commitment finding potential customers Multinational enterprises can protect themselves from excess risk if they choose exporting as a market entry strategy. However, most MNEs are already at a mature phase of growth, so they can handle risk. Exporting also provides MNEs with the opportunity of studying a certain market before setting up production facilities. Additionally, this strategy allows the organisation to learn its customers and thus meet their needs effectively. Furthermore, organization may also get an opportunity to protect their copyrights and patents through exporting (Rialp et. al. 2005). Several MNEs take pride in establishment of a strong brand image in target nations. If they choose exporting, then chances are that they will surrender control to overseas stakeholders. Since a lot of resources are already involved in MNEs, then this could prove to be quite troubling for the organisation. Multinationals have the advantage of high levels of experience as well as huge capital investment. Therefore, their market entry mode strategies should be guided by transaction costs or bargaining power. In the transaction cost theory, a firm ought to consider the amount it stands to loose if it makes a strong commitment in a host county, through licensing or full ownership (Taylor et. al. 2000). Therefore, multinationals would find more cost savings if they transferred production to host nations. Since exporting does not entail more cost savings, then it would not be advantageous for multinationals to select it. Additionally, it is quite difficult for MNEs to respond to customer demands as effectively as smaller organisation. Products that require onsite support cannot be sold effectively (Whelan et. al. 2011). Exporting for MNEs Advantages Disadvantages Protection from excess risk surrender control to overseas stakeholders studying a certain market more cost savings elsewhere protect their copyrights and patents slow response to customer demands no consideration of licensing or ownership Having considered the advantages and disadvantages of exporting as a market entry strategy, it is clear that co mpanies must strike a balance between risk aversion and customer contact. SMEs have minimal resources so they are bound to be more risk averse than MNEs; exporting is thus ideal for them. Besides, SMEs are still at the early stages of business growth, so they need to learn new markets before they can increase their commitment. On the other hand, MNEs have already reached a maturity phase, their concern should be cost savings in production rather than risk aversion, so exporting would not make much sense.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Exporting Strategies of SME and MNE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Small and medium sized enterprises are in a position to offer highly personalised service; conversely, MNEs may not prioritise this issue as much as smaller firm, so exporting would be more suitable for SMEs. Nonetheless, both organisations may need to exert control over their businesses if they sell technical items or if they value their brand image. Furthermore, an MNE may have experienced a series of internationalisation failures in various markets; therefore, it may be more risk averse than usual (Ahsan Musteen, 2011). The dependence of most exporting businesses on people power may cause SMEs and MNEs to consider the strategy. Customer support is still a valued trait regardless of whether an enterprise is small or large. Conclusion The low level of commitment associated with exporting strategies is highly appropriate for SMEs as they have few resources and are still growing. SMEs do not have the luxury of risk-taking, and they value the personalisation of services; these are all qualities that are synonymous with exporting. Conversely, MNEs can afford risk and if they choose exporting, they would loose the benefit of transferring production to an economical location. Furthermore, some of the benefits of exporting, like personalisation of services, are not valuable to MNEs. These factors ma ke exporting more appropriate for SMEs than MNEs References Ahsan, M Musteen, M 2011, ‘Multinational enterprises’ entry mode strategies and uncertainty: A review and extension’, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 13 no. 4, pp. 376-392. Lis, B, Nienstedt, H, Proner, P, Yalazo, G Mauch, A 2012, ‘SMEs going global: A comparison of internationalisation strategies of publishers and online social networks’, International Review of Management and Marketing, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 1-9. Rialp, A, Rialp, J Knight, M 2005, ‘The phenomenon of international new ventures, global start ups and born-globals: what do we know after a decade (1993-2002) of exhaustive scientific inquiry?’, International Business Review, vol. 14, pp. 147-166.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Taylor, C, Osland, G Zou, S 2000, ‘Foreign market entry strategies of Japanese MNCs’, International Marketing Review, vol. 17 no. 2, pp. 146-156. Whelan, J, Marshall, R Ryan, G 2011, ‘Multinational companies account for bulk of irish exports’, IDA Ireland, 27 July, p. 15.

CSR and Fair Trade Approaches to Economic Development Essay

CSR and Fair Trade Approaches to Economic Development - Essay Example This analysis of CSR and Fair-Trade initiatives has revealed that the private corporate sector in conjunction with NGOs can be the main driver for economic development particularly in the developing countries. The evolvement of CSR conception from the philanthropic approach to the pro-poor policies whereby communities are economically empowered through fair trade and mutually beneficial projects is a welcome advance that can lead to an enabling sustainable development. More involvement by the corporate sector is nevertheless, necessary in future including enacting laws that make it a requisite for corporations to inject back some tangible funding to local communities. Although proponents of free trade have maintained the need for a pure capitalistic model, recent events including corporate scandals and collapse depict the need to spread wealth away from the top equitably to cushion the poor against devastating effects of economic upheavals, which is ethically and morally obligatory f or the more wealthy corporations and nations.